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Article 12 > Species summary

Population status and trends at the EU and Member State levels

The Article 12 web tool provides an access to EU assessments and Member States’ data compiled as part of the Habitats Directive - Article 12 reporting process. The EU assessments have been carried out in EU 27 for the period 2008-2012 , in EU28 for the period 2013-2018 and in EU 27 for the period 2019-2024.

Choose period, species and if relevant sub-specific unit.

Once a selection has been made the breeding distribution of the species can be visualized in a map.

The ‘Data sheet info’ includes notes for each assessment per species.

The 'Audit trail' includes the methods used for the EU biogeographical assessments and justifications for decisions made by the assessors.
Some inconsistencies may appear in the data reported by Member States. To ensure the robustness of the EU-level assessments, all assessments
undergo expert review. Where inconsistencies or potential errors are identified, they are documented transparently and per bird taxon in the assessment audit trail.

Legend
I
Increasing
S
Stable
Unk
Unknown
D
Decreasing
F
Fluctuating
U
Uncertain

Codes ‘PT’, ‘ES‘ correspond to Portugal mainland (excluding Azores-PTAC and Madeira-PTMA) and Spain mainland (excluding Canary Islands-ESIC) respectively.

The delayed delivery by Romania did not allow the Romanian report to be used for the EU population status assessment. Where possible, data available to the BirdLife network were used for the EU assessments

Current selection: 2019-2024, Apus apus. Show all
Data from Member States reports
MS Breeding population Breeding distribution Winter population Breeding area from gridded maps (km2) Ssp. / subsp. unit
Population size Population trend Distribution size Distribution trend Population size Population trend
Min
Mouse-over texts for entries below show "Method used" reported for population size as a whole:
estimatePartial - based mainly on extrapolation from limited amount of data
estimateExpert - based mainly on expert opinion, with very limited data
absentData - insufficient or no data available
completeSurvey - complete survey or statistically robust estimate
Country Method used
AT estimateExpert
BE estimatePartial
BG estimatePartial
CY estimatePartial
CZ estimateExpert
DE completeSurvey
DK estimatePartial
EE estimatePartial
EL estimateExpert
ES estimatePartial
ESIC estimateExpert
FI estimatePartial
FR estimatePartial
HR estimateExpert
HU estimateExpert
IE completeSurvey
IT estimatePartial
LT estimateExpert
LU estimatePartial
LV completeSurvey
MT completeSurvey
NL completeSurvey
PL completeSurvey
PT estimatePartial
SE completeSurvey
SI estimatePartial
SK completeSurvey
Max
Best value Unit Type est. Change ℹ % MS ST period ST direction ST magnitude LT period LT direction LT magnitude ℹ
Mouse-over texts for entries below show "Method used" reported for distribution surface area (in km²):
estimatePartial - based mainly on extrapolation from limited amount of data
estimateExpert - based mainly on expert opinion, with very limited data
absentData - insufficient or no data available
completeSurvey - complete survey or statistically robust estimate
Country Method used
AT completeSurvey
BE estimatePartial
BG completeSurvey
CY estimatePartial
CZ completeSurvey
DE estimateExpert
DK completeSurvey
EE estimateExpert
EL estimatePartial
ES completeSurvey
ESIC absentData
FI completeSurvey
FR completeSurvey
HR estimatePartial
HU estimatePartial
IE completeSurvey
IT completeSurvey
LT estimateExpert
LU estimatePartial
LV completeSurvey
MT completeSurvey
NL completeSurvey
PL estimatePartial
PT completeSurvey
SE completeSurvey
SI estimatePartial
SK estimateExpert
Area
ℹ % MS ST period ST direction ST magnitude LT period LT direction LT magnitude ℹ Min
Mouse-over texts below show "Method used" reported for population size value(s):
estimatePartial - based mainly on extrapolation from limited amount of data
estimateExpert - based mainly on expert opinion, with very limited data
absentData - insufficient or no data available
completeSurvey - complete survey or statistically robust estimate
Country Method used
AT
BE
BG
CY
CZ
DE
DK
EE
EL
ES
ESIC
FI
FR
HR
HU
IE
IT
LT
LU
LV
MT
NL
PL
PT
SE
SI
SK
Max
Best value Unit Type est. Change ℹ % MS ST period ST direction ST magnitude LT period LT direction LT magnitude ℹ Status Distrib. % MS
AT
20000.0
30000.0
p
interval
genuine
0.4
2013-2024 S -30 | -10 | NA 1999-2024 D -70 | -40 | NA # 63200.0 0.2 2013-2024 S NA | NA | -9.71429 1990-2024 S NA | NA | -5.95238 73800.0 2.1 Apus apus
BE
16890.0
23400.0
20145.0
p
estimate
method
0.4
2013-2024 Unk NA | NA | NA 1973-2024 D -0.417586 | -0.193103 | -0.305345 27547.0 0.08 2013-2024 D NA | NA | -0.100976 1973-2024 D NA | NA | -0.0723042 33600.0 1.0 Apus apus
BG
8792.0
17525.0
p
interval
noChange
 #
0.2
2013-2024 S -12.5 | 9.4 | -6 1980-2024 S NA | NA | NA # 60100.0 # 0.2 2013-2024 I NA | NA | 14.77 1996-2024 I NA | NA | 53.7 # 80900.0 2.3 Apus apus
CY
13000.0
63000.0
p
estimate
noChange
 #
0.7
2013-2024 U -22 | 7 | NA 1980-2024 Unk NA | NA | NA 7400.0 # 0.02 2013-2024 S NA | NA | NA 1980-2024 Unk NA | NA | NA 10600.0 0.3 Apus apus
CZ
45500.0
120600.0
p
estimate
genuine
1.5
2015-2024 D NA | NA | -18.38 1982-2024 S NA | NA | 1.46 79100.0 # 0.2 2013-2024 S NA | NA | 10.7828 1985-2024 S NA | NA | -1.9644 # 85000.0 2.5 Apus apus
DE
235000.0
435000.0
p
estimate
genuine
6.0
2010-2022 I 0 | 21 | 10 1980-2022 S NA | NA | -13 32184580.73 92.5 2010-2022 S -10 | 10 | NA 1980-2022 S -30 | 45 | NA 368500.0 10.7 Apus apus
DK
4342.0
14578.0
8724.0
p
mean
genuine
0.2
2012-2023 D -82 | 90 | -42 1981-2023 D -83 | 85 | -44 15600.0 # 0.04 2014-2023 S NA | NA | 3 1974-2023 D NA | NA | -44 26000.0 0.8 Apus apus
EE
30000.0
35000.0
p
estimate
knowledge
0.6
2013-2024 D -49 | -10 | NA 1985-2024 S NA | NA | NA 28300.0 0.08 2013-2024 S NA | NA | NA 1980-2024 D NA | NA | -2 36300.0 1.1 Apus apus
EL
50000.0
70000.0
p
estimate
noChange
1.1
2013-2024 U -3 | 18 | 8 1980-2024 D NA | NA | -41 # 142400.0 0.4 2013-2024 S NA | NA | NA 1980-2024 S NA | NA | NA 209600.0 6.1 Apus apus
ES
1738562.0
2236297.0
p
estimate
genuine
35.3
2013-2024 D -32.53 | -20.84 | -26.9 1980-2024 D -32.84 | -21.3 | -27.29 # 388400.0 1.1 2013-2024 S NA | NA | 4 1980-2024 D -0.68 | -0.37 | NA 437100.0 12.6 Apus apus
ESIC
1.0
50.0
p
estimate
genuine
0.0
Unk NA | NA | NA Unk NA | NA | NA 3400.0 0.01 Unk NA | NA | NA 1998-2022 D NA | NA | -100 6200.0 0.2 Apus apus
FI
72000.0
140000.0
96000.0
p
mean
genuine
 #
1.7
2013-2024 D -38 | -11 | -26 1980-2024 D -70 | -47 | -60 # 132800.0 0.4 2008-2024 D NA | NA | -32 1980-2024 D NA | NA | -28 # 155200.0 4.5 Apus apus
FR
400000.0
800000.0
p
estimate
noChange
10.7
2012-2023 D -46.5 | -28.1 | -38 2001-2023 D -69.4 | -59.1 | -64.6 471200.0 1.4 2009-2023 S NA | NA | -3 1989-2023 S NA | NA | 1 542300.0 15.7 Apus apus
HR
100000.0
p
estimate
noChange
1.8
2013-2024 Unk NA | NA | NA 1980-2024 Unk NA | NA | NA 24400.0 0.07 2013-2024 Unk NA | NA | NA 1980-2024 Unk NA | NA | NA 42500.0 1.2 Apus apus
HU
3000.0
5000.0
p
estimate
noChange
0.07
2013-2024 U -93 | 2026 | 54 1980-2024 Unk NA | NA | NA 7583.0 0.02 2013-2024 S NA | NA | NA 1980-2024 Unk NA | NA | NA 8100.0 0.2 Apus apus
IE
13290.0
68000.0
35900.0
p
interval
genuine
 #
0.6
2011-2022 D -63.4 | -27.7 | -47.9 1980-2023 Unk NA | NA | NA # 52400.0 0.1 1991-2011 D NA | NA | -15 1972-2011 D NA | NA | -28 # 64700.0 1.9 Apus apus
IT
695575.0
1854867.0
p
estimate
method
 #
22.7
2013-2024 Unk NA | NA | NA 1980-2024 Unk NA | NA | NA 209600.0 0.6 2013-2024 U NA | NA | NA 1993-2024 U NA | NA | -38.3481 261300.0 7.5 Apus apus
LT
40000.0
80000.0
p
estimate
genuine
1.1
2013-2024 D -20 | -10 | NA 1980-2024 D NA | NA | -20 73500.0 0.2 2013-2024 S NA | NA | NA 1980-2024 S NA | NA | NA 82900.0 2.4 Apus apus
LU
1800.0
2700.0
p
estimate
noChange
0.04
2013-2024 S NA | NA | NA 1980-2024 D -50 | -20 | NA # 1816.0 0.01 2013-2024 S NA | NA | NA 1980-2024 S NA | NA | NA 4300.0 0.1 Apus apus
LV
31416.0
57602.0
42540.0
p
interval
genuine
0.8
2012-2024 U -80.5176 | -1.8824 | -41.2 2005-2024 U -53 | 294 | 36.02 65400.0 0.2 2002-2015 D -22.6 | -11.61 | -17.11 1982-2015 S -3.93 | 7.44 | 1.76 # 70500.0 2.0 Apus apus
MT
87.0
136.0
p
estimate
genuine
 #
0.0
2013-2024 I 116 | 222 | NA 1997-2024 I 8600 | 13600 | NA # 20.0 0.0 2013-2024 I NA | NA | 131 1997-2024 I NA | NA | 1900 # 1000.0 0.03 Apus apus
NL
50000.0
64000.0
56000.0
p
mean
genuine
1.0
2012-2023 I 9 | 19 | 14 2007-2023 D -9.66301 | -3.41198 | -6.58669 42900.0 0.1 2011-2023 I NA | NA | 0.159459 1977-2023 S NA | NA | 0.0916031 51700.0 1.5 Apus apus
PL
190000.0
268000.0
225000.0
p
interval
method
 #
4.0
2013-2024 D -24 | -4 | -15 1980-2024 Unk NA | NA | NA # 191700.0 # 0.6 2013-2024 Unk NA | NA | NA 1980-2024 S NA | NA | -9 # 202200.0 5.8 Apus apus
PT
102655.0
322575.0
p
estimate
noChange
3.8
2015-2024 U NA | NA | NA 2004-2024 S NA | NA | NA 75900.0 0.2 2013-2021 S NA | NA | NA 1999-2021 D NA | NA | -14 87200.0 2.5 Apus apus
SE
164000.0
376000.0
270000.0
p
estimate
genuine
4.8
2013-2024 D -40 | -20 | -30 1980-2024 D -85 | -75 | -80 372700.0 # 1.1 2013-2024 S NA | NA | 0 1980-2024 S NA | NA | 0 446100.0 12.9 Apus apus
SI
2500.0
4100.0
p
estimate
genuine
0.06
2008-2024 D NA | NA | -23 1980-2024 Unk NA | NA | NA # 13200.0 # 0.04 2013-2024 Unk NA | NA | NA 1980-2024 Unk NA | NA | NA 18700.0 0.5 Apus apus
SK
20000.0
60000.0
p
estimate
knowledge
0.7
2013-2024 S 0 | 0 | NA 2000-2024 S 0 | 0 | NA 41155.58 0.1 2013-2024 S 0 | 0 | NA 2000-2024 S 0 | 0 | NA 53900.0 1.6 Apus apus